DNA Type 2 Diabetes Test

What is type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that disrupts the body’s normal glucose and insulin balance. Glucose is a simple sugar that circulates in the blood and is the primary source of energy for the body’s cells, while insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas and helps to keep glucose levels within a healthy range. Affected individuals have consistently high blood sugar, insulin resistance and a relative lack of insulin. Type 2 diabetes can contribute to life-threatening disorders, including heart disease, stroke, kidney failure and poor blood flow.

Diabetes is one of the fastest growing diseases in the 21st century, affecting 422 million people worldwide. Type 2 diabetes is generally associated with an unhealthy lifestyle and extra body weight, but genetic variations can also increase the risk, regardless of lifestyle. This test identifies multiple genetic variants that can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes

  • Genetic variation
  • Obesity, leading to insulin resistance
  • Fat accumulation, primarily in the abdomen
  • Lack of physical exercise
  • Ethnicity (Africans and American Indians have a higher risk)
  • Prediabetes (elevated blood sugar)
  • Gestational diabetes
  • Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Genetics of type 2 diabetes
Genetic variations can affect our glucose and insulin levels, sensitivity to dietary fatty acids, and the way our body responds to insulin, resulting in increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The following table lists the genes analyzed in the type 2 diabetes test, and the effect of variation on metabolic health.

Gene(s) Tested Effect
ACC2 Reduced response to insulin
ADCY5 Inhibited secretion of insulin
FABP2, FTO Increased uptake of saturated fats
ADIPOQ, CRY2, FADS1, G6PC2, GLUT2, MTNR1B, PROX1, TCF7L2 Increased fasting glucose levels
GCKR Reduced fasting glucose levels
GCK, HNF4A Reduced pancreatic beta cell function
GLIS3, IRS1, SLC30A8 Disrupted insulin production/signalling/storage
SHBG Increased sex hormone binding globulin
MADD Impaired proinsulin-to-insulin conversion
SOD2 Increased reactive oxygen species
HIF1A Resistance to hypoxia

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